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Patrick Arnold, who invented ‘the clear’ steroid at the center of the BALCO drug scandal, dies at 59

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Patrick Arnold, a chemist who invented the steroid known as “the clear” at the heart of a performance-enhancing drug scandal in the early 2000s, died in Guilford, Conn., on Tuesday at 59. His family said the cause of death is unknown.

Arnold developed different kinds of steroids over his career. The most famous was the drug THG, a liquid administered under the tongue that went undetected in doping tests at the time and was distributed by BALCO, a California lab that worked with high-profile athletes.

A federal investigation in 2003 found that BALCO — which was formally known as the Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative and had been founded by Victor Conte in the 1980s — had been selling steroids to athletes. The scandal tarnished the reputations of many of the athletes involved, including baseball players Barry Bonds and Jason Giambi, Olympic track champion Marion Jones and football player Bill Romanowski.

During grand jury questioning, Bonds testified that he received and used “the cream and the clear,” but that he did not know they were PEDs. The cream was testosterone-based and used to help mask the presence of steroids. Bonds’ trainer, Greg Anderson, would later serve time for refusing to testify against Bonds in a perjury trial.

In 2006, a federal judge sentenced Arnold to three months in prison and three months of house arrest on a charge of conspiring to distribute steroids. Conte, who died last year, served four months in jail for his role in the scandal.

Arnold saw himself as a victim of the ensuing fallout.

“I was the guy that made the undetectables so I was considered a huge target,” he said on a podcast about chemistry in 2023. “There was no point of fighting on the wrath of the federal government.”

Arnold’s brothers, Steven and John, described him as someone driven by scientific discovery.

“He always was pushing to the next breakthrough,” John said. “His moral compass was, ‘This is about the science, the politics is up to someone else.’”

Arnold began to make a name for himself in the early internet era, creating a following in blogs and chat rooms with his muscle growth and bodybuilding expertise, his brothers said. They recalled him mistakenly signing up for high-level chemistry classes as a college freshman, but succeeding nonetheless. Arnold got his degree in chemistry from the University of New Haven in 1990 and went on to found a lab in Illinois, where he invented drugs, including “the clear.”

Everything changed for Arnold when baseball records began to fall, his brothers said. In 1998, four years before the federal government began investigating BALCO, St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Mark McGwire broke the MLB single-season home run record. McGwire had used androstenedione, a prohormone Arnold helped popularize in the United States, and which the FDA and MLB subsequently banned in 2004. Around the same time, Arnold connected with Conte, who worked with athletes.

“I had everyone in the world coming to me if they knew about it,” Arnold said in 2023 about the drug. “There was no one else in the world doing this.”

“What I did by making these undetectable analogs available, it sort of changed the playing field,” he continued. “Because everyone was sort of doing the same stuff with detectable things and just taking them at different doses and getting off them at the same time, but with my stuff, the people that had access to them had a decidedly big advantage over people that were using their old techniques.”

Arnold wasn’t driven by money, his brothers said, leaving checks uncashed and profiting little from his notoriety in the 2000s, while federal raids doomed his lab. Six months before his death, he posted on LinkedIn about occasionally receiving federal food assistance. Arnold never married or had children and focused primarily on his work.

“The guinea pig for testing products was his own body,” John said. “He was a bit of a mad scientist when it came to that.”

Arnold’s brothers said the stress from the performance-enhancing drug scandal never left him and that he continued to have nightmares about government raids years later. But he continued his scientific research until his death. He was an early researcher into the ketogenic diet. In later years, he focused on areas including epilepsy, muscle wasting and longevity, often writing on LinkedIn and his blog about chemical compounds and health research.

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Ben Stokes: What next for the former England captain after tumultuous summer ended with success?

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But Durham now need to discuss with Stokes how next summer will look, and it will be one of the first tasks for Ryan Campbell in his new role as director of cricket.

The Australian has spent the past four seasons as head coach, and enjoyed having Stokes in the dressing room and part of his team, and he believes that the all-rounder is keen to continue playing county cricket – and the red-ball stuff in particular.

“Yes, I do, I honestly do,” Campbell told BBC Sport in an interview before his new role was announced.

“His love of the game, he talks about his bowling run-up and stuff that he can adapt to county cricket so he can bowl more. The playing, the batting, where he wants to bat, this sort of stuff, he’s all-in I would have thought for the next couple of years at least.”

When Stokes was suspended by the ECB for the second Test in June, it was Durham where he rediscovered his love of the game after the troubles of the Ashes in Australia last winter and the broken curfew post-Lords.

Being in and around the Riverside, singing the Blaydon Races after team victories and helping academy youngsters with practice is something that has not gone unnoticed.

“Ben’s England through-and-through, but he is Durham through-and-through,” said Campbell.

“He loves the club. The proudest thing I’ve ever had in relation to our work was when he said, ‘I want to go back and play at Durham because the time there has been so amazing’. That’s a big rap for our club and our environment that we’ve created.”

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URC: Callum Sheedy ‘header’ goes viral as Cardiff fly-half admits surprise

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Sheedy played his part in the victory in Llanelli before being replaced in the second half by Jarrod Evans, who has returned to Cardiff from Harlequins this season.

With Ioan Lloyd, who is currently injured, also in the Cardiff ranks, head coach Corniel van Zyl has three Wales fly-halves to call on.

“All I can do as a player is try my best and perform the best I can,” said Sheedy.

“We all want to be number one, so how we go about that is going to be challenging because we’re all going to want to play.

“I’m sure it’ll be healthy competition.”

Cardiff return to the Arms Park to face Zebre on Friday night, where they lost only one home game last season.

“It does make a big difference,” said Sheedy.

“Hopefully we get a big crowd because I remember last season there were a lot of close games, and in the last 10 minutes, the crowd got us over the line.

“Corniel speaks a lot about making the Arms Park a fortress and we managed that last season.”

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World Grand Prix Darts: Luke Humphries ‘hates’ added title pressure from Luke Littler’s shock early exit in Leicester | Darts News

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Luke Humphries says he must improve if he is to challenge for a second World Grand Prix title and admits he would have preferred defending champion Luke Littler to have avoided an early exit.

Humphries – the 2023 champion and a runner-up the last two editions of the double-start major – produced a lacklustre performance during his straight-sets victory over Dave Chisnall at the Mattioli Arena.

The world No 2 hit under 27 per cent of his checkout attempts and averaged 80.41, his lowest in the tournament since 2022, although was relieved to avoid joining Littler and Michael van Gerwen in being beaten in the first round.

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Highlights of the World Grand Prix match between Luke Littler and Luke Woodhouse, where the world No 1 made a shock exit

“That’s arguably one of the worst performances I’ve played on the World Grand Prix stage for myself,” Humphries said after the victory. “I didn’t feel comfortable throughout the whole game.

“Doubles weren’t going in at the start, the scoring was rubbish and I felt like Chizzy [Dave Chisnall] just wasn’t at his best there at all.”

“It wasn’t a good performance, but I’m through and when I play Jermaine [Wattimena] on Thursday I’m hoping you won’t see that!”

Humphries is now the favourite to lift the trophy following defending champion Luke Littler’s shock defeat to Luke Woodhouse, but admits he feels added pressure with the world No 1 no longer in the field as a title contender.

“I hate it when he loses because it always puts the pressure on myself and then everyone is like ‘this is yours to win’ and all this type of stuff,” Humphries added.

“I hate it when he loses because I want to play him in finals. I want to beat him in finals. I don’t want to lose to him in finals, but I like playing in finals because it gets me up for it.

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John Part reflects on Luke Littler’s early exit at the World Grand Prix and explains the possible reasons behind it

“When he loses, I’m not like jumping for joy. It puts all the pressure on myself and maybe sometimes it doesn’t help me.

“I’d rather him still be in the tournament and be the favourite and then I can just backdoor it to the final!”

Humphries’ 2023 win was his maiden PDC-ranked TV title and sparked a dominant run to end the season, but ‘Cool Hand’ has since suffered a string of runner-up finishes in major tournaments following his World Masters and Premier League triumphs last year.

Humphries blamed an allergic reaction for the mark on his face
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Humphries blamed an allergic reaction for the mark on his face

“I feel like I deserve a major – it’s been like six or seven I’ve lost in the final,” Humphries explained. “I played really good in the Premier League final and the World Masters final – I played 105 averages and lost, so they are tough to take.

“If you just play anybody else in the world they’re probably not going to beat you, but when you’re playing a phenom like Luke [Littler], he can beat you. I feel like I deserve one, but sometimes you don’t always get what you deserve in life.

“It’s up to me to win another four games and perform a lot better than that, because if I perform that again, I’ll be very lucky to make it to the quarters and semis.”

Humphries is looking to reach the World Grand Prix final for a fourth consecutive season
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Humphries is looking to reach the World Grand Prix final for a fourth consecutive season

Humphries explains face ‘injury’: ‘I don’t have that great story!’

The former world champion sparked confusion on social media after taking to the stage with a noticeable scab on his head, but felt no ill-effects from it as he progressed to the last 16.

“I really wanted to bring up some amazing story about how I fought five guys off and they come off worse than me, but unfortunately I don’t have that great story,” Humphries said.

Humphries blamed an allergic reaction for the mark on his face
Image:
Humphries blamed an allergic reaction for the mark on his face

“I did Bullseye filming on Tuesday, woke up Wednesday with a massive rash on the side of my head and it just got worse and worse and then it scabbed over.

“The only thing I can think of is when you do TV shows they put make up on and all these types of things, all these creams, and I got an allergic reaction to it.

“Unfortunately there is no great story to tell, that is what I think it is but I don’t know. I haven’t seen a doctor but it just looks like I’ve had an allergic reaction to stuff they’ve put on my head and face, but I’m fully well.”

Watch the World Grand Prix throughout the week live on Sky Sports, with coverage every day up to and including the final on Sunday. Latest Sky Sports deals or stream with no contract on NOW.

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